碳纳米管封装铁纳米粒子催化剂上CO加氢制低碳烯烃

由于石油资源的逐步枯竭,近年来费托(F-T)反应因其可以高效将煤、天然气和生物质等转化成液体燃料和高值化学品而越来越受到人们的关注。相比于Co, Ni和Ru等F-T催化剂, Fe基催化剂因其价格低廉,产物分布广而被广泛研究。以合成气直接制备低碳烯烃的F-T过程为例,铁基催化剂通常会因积碳和烧结的问题,而导致失活。因此,人们通常使用一些氧化物载体,比如氧化硅,氧化铝或者分子筛来分散并稳定铁粒子。但是这类氧化物载体通常与铁有非常强的相互作用,特别是在铁粒子较小的情况下,容易生成一些难于还原的硅酸铁和铝酸铁。而活性炭、碳纤维等惰性载体与铁的相互作用较弱,不足以稳定小的铁粒子在而反应过程中聚集。近来,我们组提出了利用石墨烯碳层封装过渡金属粒子作为催化剂,利用“穿透”的金属电子来催化反应,从而可以使活性中心和反应介质隔离,有效地增强了非贵金属催化剂的活性和稳定性。在此基础上,我们组和其他课题组的研究表明,一系列石墨烯碳层封装的非贵金属催化剂在燃料电池阴极氧还原反应,电催化析氢反应,染料敏化太阳能电池中的I3–还原反应以及催化氧化还原反应中都有着广泛的应用前景。这种材料中碳层不仅能在氧化气氛、酸性介质中保护包覆的金属,防止其被氧化或者腐蚀,还与包覆的金属有着较强的相互作用,可以促进非贵金属的电子向碳层表面的转移,有望在一些苛刻的反应条件下实现对贵金属催化剂的替代。本文进一步拓展了其在高温反应中的应用,发现豆荚状碳纳米管封装的金属铁纳米粒子在合成气制备低碳烯烃中可以有效防止金属铁纳米粒子的烧结和聚集,因此表现出优异的低碳烯烃选择性和催化稳定性。我们利用一步化学反应法合成了豆荚状碳纳米管封装的铁纳米粒子催化剂(Pod-Fe),并通过酸洗除去碳管外面裸露的铁粒子。透射电镜(TEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)表明酸洗后铁粒子被包覆在碳管内,并且呈金属态,而酸洗前,则还有大量的氧化铁粒子分布于碳管外部(FeOx/Pod-Fe)。将酸洗前后的两个催化剂用于固定床气相F-T反应中。通过调节空速和温度考察了它们的催化反应性能,结果表明两个催化剂在不同的反应条件下都有着良好的低碳烯烃选择性。不同反应温度下,它们表现出不同的变化趋势：Pod-Fe活性随着温度的升高而缓慢增长,至380 oC都没有明显的失活现象;而对于FeOx/Pod-Fe催化剂,随着温度的升高, CO的转化率先升高,在300 oC时达最高,但随着温度进一步升高,活性迅速降低,呈现一个火山型曲线。 TEM结果发现,反应后FeOx/Pod-Fe催化剂粒子上产生了很多杂乱的碳丝,并且铁粒子有着明显的聚集长大。而Pod–Fe催化剂即使在380 oC反应后,其形貌仍然保持完好,没有积碳产生,粒子也没有发生聚集和长大。进一步在320 oC下120 h的寿命试验发现, Pod-Fe催化剂的初始活性较低,但经20 h的活化阶段,活性会先增加后略有下降,20 h后趋于稳定。而FeOx/Pod-Fe催化剂在反应初始虽然表现出较高的活性,但是随着时间进行,活性迅速下降一半以上,最后趋于稳定。同时结合反应后TEM和XRD的结果发现碳管外部裸露的铁粒子会在反应过程中形成碳化铁物种,并随着反应进行产生聚集,并伴有大量积碳,导致活性迅速下降;而碳层的包覆对于铁粒子有着很好的稳定作用,使得铁粒子能够在高温反应中保持稳定,并且没有积碳的产生。由此可见石墨烯碳层可以有效保护其包覆的金属粒子,并且能够提高其在高温反应下的低碳烯烃选择性和稳定性。此类催化剂有望在一些苛刻条件下的多相催化反应中得到广泛应用。     

Particle size effects in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis by Co catalyst supported on carbon nanotubes

The effect of Co particle size on the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) activity of carbon nanotube (CNT)-supported Co catalysts was investigated. Microemulsion (using water-to-surfactant molar ratios of 2 to12) and impregnation techniques were used to prepare catalysts with different Co particle sizes. Kinetic studies were performed to understand the effect of Co particle size on catalytic activity. Size-dependent kinetic parameters were developed using a thermodynamic method, to evaluate the structural sensitivity of the CNT-supported Co catalysts. The size-independent FTS reaction rate constant and size-independent adsorption parameter increased with increasing reac-tion temperature. The Polani parameter also depended on catalyst particle size, because of changes in the catalyst surface coverage.     

Trapping Nanostructures on Surfaces through Weak Interactions

The assembly of imidazole‐functionalized phenanthroline‐strapped zinc porphyrins (ZnPorphen) with alkyl or polyethylene glycol (PEG) side chains was studied in solution and by AFM after casting on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) or mica. The nature of the solvent and its evaporation time influenced the morphology of the objects observed. On HOPG, short rods of about 100 nm were observed after fast evaporation of solutions of the alkyl derivatives in CHCl₃, THF, or pyridine, whereas islands of aligned rows of longer wires were obtained from methylcyclohexane (MCH). Slow evaporation of MCH led to a three‐dimensional assembly. The PEG porphyrin assembled into short wires on HOPG or fibers on mica after slow evaporation of solutions in THF. This study shows the role of surface–molecule interactions in the interfacial assembly of ZnPorphen derivatives and contributes to understanding the parameters that control their noncovalent assembly into molecular wires on a surface.     

Azido‐Substituted BODIPY Dyes for the Production of Fluorescent Carbon Nanotubes

A series of azido‐dyes were synthesized through Knoevenagel reactions of an azido‐BODIPY with aromatic aldehydes. The nature of the substituents allowed the fine tuning of their spectroscopic properties. The dyes were used to decorate oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (ox‐MWCNTs), bearing terminal triple bond groups, by CuAAC reactions, affording fluorescent materials. This decoration allowed the efficient determination of the internalization of the ox‐MWCNT derivatives by different model cancer cells, such as MCF7.     

静电纺丝法制备PLLA/g-HNTs复合纳米纤维膜及其性能研究

以辛酸亚锡为催化剂,利用HNTs表面的羟基引发L-LA开环聚合,合成了表面接枝聚(L-乳酸)(PLLA)链段的埃洛石纳米管(g-HNTs),通过红外、热失重和透射电镜对改性前后HNTs的组成与形貌进行了观察;然后采用静电纺丝技术制备了PLLA纳米纤维膜以及不同组成的PLLA/HNTs和PLLA/g-HNTs复合纳米纤维膜,探讨了纺丝条件对纳米纤维膜形貌的影响,并对复合膜的组成、形貌、力学性能和细胞相容性进行了研究.结果表明,当HNTs与L-LA的摩尔投料比为1∶10时,g-HNTs表面PLLA链段的接枝率为14.22％,HNTs纳米管的形态在接枝后变化不大,易于在无水乙醇中分散.电压强度和进样速率对纤维膜的形貌有一定影响,当电压强度为15 kV、进样速率为1 mL/h时,电纺纤维的直径较为均匀.复合纤维膜中g-HNTs在基体PLLA中的分散性以及与基体的界面相容性要优于相应的HNTs,当g-HNTs含量高达40％时,复合纳米纤维膜中的纤维形态仍然保持较好,可以得到连续、粗细较均匀的纤维;随着HNTs和g-HNTs含量增加,复合纳米纤维膜的拉伸强度和模量先增大后下降,当HNTs和g-HNTs的含量为5％时,两种复合纳米纤维膜的拉伸强度和模量均达到最大值,但PLLA/g-HNTs组复合纳米纤维膜的拉伸强度始终大于相应的PLLA/HNTs组.体外3T3细胞培养结果显示,PLLA/g-HNTs复合纳米纤维膜具有良好的细胞相容性,且优于相应的PLLA和PLLA/HNTs纳米纤维膜.     

An Antibacterial Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensor Composed of Carbon Nanotubes Decorated with Silver Nanoparticles

A glucose sensor composed of silver nanoparticles decorated carbon nanotubes (Ag‐NPs/CNTs) prepared by ion implantation is described. Ag‐NPs with size of 2–4 nm are uniformly distributed in the CNTs after ion implantation. This process provides a strong combination between Ag‐NPs and CNTs and can effectively prevent the Ag‐NPs from aggregation. A linear range of 125 µM to 10 mM towards glucose determination was obtained. The Ag‐NPs/CNTs electrode shows minimal interferences from co‐existence species such as uric acid and ascorbic acid and an antibacterial rate of 94 % towards E. coli.     

Mechanochromic Photonic‐Crystal Fibers Based on Continuous Sheets of Aligned Carbon Nanotubes

A new family of mechanochromic photonic‐crystal fibers exhibits tunable structural colors under stretching. This novel mechanochromic fiber is prepared by depositing polymer microspheres onto a continuous aligned‐carbon‐nanotube sheet that has been wound on an elastic poly(dimethylsiloxane) fiber, followed by further embedding in poly(dimethylsiloxane). The color of the fiber can be tuned by varying the size and the center‐to‐center distance of the polymer spheres. It further experiences reversible and rapid multicolor changes during the stretch and release processes, for example, between red, green, and blue. Both the high sensitivity and stability were maintained after 1000 deformation cycles. These elastic photonic‐crystal fibers were woven into patterns and smart fabrics for various display and sensing applications.     

How a Zigzag Carbon Nanotube Grows

Owing to the unique structure of zigzag (ZZ) carbon nanotubes (CNTs), their ring‐by‐ring growth behavior is different from that of chiral or armchair (AC) CNTs, on the rims of which kinks serve as active sites for carbon attachment. Through first‐principle calculations, we found that, because of the high energy barrier of initiating a new carbon ring at the rim of a ZZ CNT, the growth rate of a ZZ CNT is proportional to its diameter and significantly (10–1000 times) slower than that of other CNTs. This study successfully explained the broad experimental observation of the lacking of ZZ CNTs in CNT samples and completed the theory of CNT growth.     

Synthesis of an [(NHC)2Pd(SiMe3)2] Complex and Catalytic cis‐Bis(silyl)ations of Alkynes with Unactivated Disilanes

The novel complex cis‐[(ITMe)₂Pd(SiMe₃)₂ (ITMe=1,3,4,5‐tetramethylimidazol‐2‐ylidene) has been synthesized by mild oxidative cleavage of Me₃SiSiMe₃ using [(ITMe)₂Pd⁰]. The use of this complex as precatalyst for the cis‐bis(silyl)ation of alkynes using unactivated disilanes is reported.     

Rhodium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Intramolecular CH Silylation for the Syntheses of Planar‐Chiral Metallocene Siloles

Reported herein is the rhodium‐catalyzed enantioselective C? H bond silylation of the cyclopentadiene rings in Fe and Ru metallocenes. Thus, in the presence of (S)‐TMS‐Segphos, the reactions took place under very mild conditions to afford metallocene‐fused siloles in good to excellent yields and with ee values of up to 97 %. During this study it was observed that the steric hindrance of chiral ligands had a profound influence on the reactivity and enantioselectivity of the reaction, and might hold the key to accomplishing conventionally challenging asymmetric C? H silylations.